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    2020年小升初英語(yǔ)必考語(yǔ)法知識(shí)

    2019-09-18 20:58:22  來(lái)源: 小升初網(wǎng)  
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    2020年小升初英語(yǔ)必考語(yǔ)法知識(shí).jpg

      名詞:名詞單復(fù)數(shù),名詞的格

      (一)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)

      1.一般情況,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

      2.以s. x. sh. ch結(jié)尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches

      3.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,變y為i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries

      4.以“f或fe”結(jié)尾,變f或fe為v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives

      5.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù):

      man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice

      child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese

      不可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)就是原型:paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea

      (二)名詞的格

      (1) 有生命的東西的名詞所有格:

      a) 單數(shù)后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt

      b) 以s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加 ’如: his friends’ bags

      c) 不以s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)后加 ’s children’s shoes

      l并列名詞中,如果把 ’s加在最后一個(gè)名詞后,表示共有, 如:

      Tom and Mike’s car 湯姆和邁克共有的小汽車

      l要表示所有物不是共有的,應(yīng)分別在并列名詞后加’s

      Tom’s and Mike’s cars 湯姆和麥克各自的小汽車

      (2)表示無(wú)生命東西的名詞通常用“ of +名詞”來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系:如:

      a picture of the classroom a map of China

      冠詞:不定冠詞,定冠詞種類:

      (1)不定冠詞:a / an a unit / an uncle

      元音開(kāi)頭的可數(shù)名詞前用an :

      an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /

      (2)定冠詞:the the egg the plane

      2. 用法:

      定冠詞的用法:

      (1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk.

      (2)復(fù)述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.

      (3)談話雙方都知道的人或物:The boys aren’t at school.

      (4)在序數(shù)詞前:John’s birthday is February the second.

      (5)用于固定詞組中:in the morning / afternoon / evening

      不用冠詞的情況:

      (1)專有名詞前:China is a big country.

      (2)名詞前有定語(yǔ):this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:

      This is my baseball.

      (3)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人和事:Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers.

      (4)在節(jié)日,日期,月份,季節(jié)前:Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.

      (5)一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.

      (6)球類 棋類運(yùn)動(dòng)前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.

      * 但樂(lè)器前要用定冠詞:I play the guitar very well.

      (7)學(xué)科名稱前:My favorite subject is music.

      (8)在稱呼或頭銜的名詞前:This is Mr Li.

      (9)固定詞組中:at noon at night by bus

      代詞、形容詞、副詞

      代詞:人稱代詞,物主代詞

      人稱代詞物主代詞

      主格賓格

      第一

      人稱單數(shù)I(我)memy(我的)

      復(fù)數(shù)we(我們)usour(我們的)

      第二

      人稱單數(shù)you(你)youyour(你的)

      復(fù)數(shù)you(你們)youyour(你們的)

      第三

      人稱單數(shù)he(他)himhis(他的)

      she(她)herher(她的)

      it(它)itits(它的)

      復(fù)數(shù)they(他們/她們/它們)themtheir(他們的/她們的/它們的)

      形容詞,副詞:比較級(jí),最高級(jí)

      (一)、形容詞的比較級(jí)

      1、形容詞比較級(jí)在句子中的運(yùn)用:兩個(gè)事物或人的比較用比較級(jí),比較級(jí)后面一般帶有單詞than。比較級(jí)前面可以用more, a little來(lái)修飾表示程度。than后的人稱代詞用主格(口語(yǔ)中可用賓格)。

      2.形容詞加er的規(guī)則:

      ⑴ 一般在詞尾加er ;

     ?、?以字母e 結(jié)尾,加r ;

     ?、?以一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾,應(yīng)雙寫末尾的輔音字母,再加er ;

     ?、?以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,先把y變i,再加er 。

      3.不規(guī)則形容詞比較級(jí):

      good-better, beautiful-more beautiful

      (二)副詞的比較級(jí)

      1.形容詞與副詞的區(qū)別(有be用形,有形用be;有動(dòng)用副,有副用動(dòng))

      ⑴在句子中形容詞一般處于名詞之前或be動(dòng)詞之后

     ?、聘痹~在句子中最常見(jiàn)的是處于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之后

      2.副詞比較級(jí)的變化規(guī)則基本與形容詞比較級(jí)相同(不規(guī)則變化:well-better, far-farther)

      數(shù)詞:基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞

      (1)1-20

      one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty

      (2)21-99 先說(shuō)“幾十”,再說(shuō)“幾”,中間加連字符。

      23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one

      (3)101—999先說(shuō)“幾百”,再加and,再加末兩位數(shù)或末位數(shù);

      586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three

      (4)l,000以上,先從右往左數(shù),每三位數(shù)加一個(gè)“,”,第一個(gè)“,”前為thousand.第二個(gè)“,”前為million,第三個(gè)“,”前為billion

      1,001→one thousand and one(favnetsoft.com)

      18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three

      6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine

      750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion

      序數(shù)詞

      (1)一般在基數(shù)詞后加th

      eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth

      (2)不規(guī)則變化

      one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth

      (3)以y結(jié)尾的十位整數(shù),變y為ie再加th

      twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth

      (4)從二十一后的“幾十幾”直至“幾百幾十幾”或“幾千幾百幾十幾”只將個(gè)位的基數(shù)詞變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞。

      twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth

      基數(shù)詞轉(zhuǎn)為序數(shù)詞的口訣:

      基變序,有規(guī)律,詞尾加上-th.

      一,二,三,特殊記,詞尾字母t,d,d.

      八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。

      ty將y變成i,th前面有個(gè)e.

      若是碰到幾十幾,前用基來(lái)后用序。

      介詞:常用介詞:in, on, at, behind等

      1.at表示時(shí)間概念的某一個(gè)點(diǎn)。(在某時(shí)刻、時(shí)間、階段等)。

      at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一點(diǎn)鐘(黎明、午夜、中午)

      2.on

      1)表示具體日期。

      注:(1)關(guān)于"在周末"的幾種表示法:

      at(on)the weekend在周末---特指

      at(on)weekends在周末---泛指

      over the weekend在整個(gè)周末

      during the weekend在周末期間

       (2)在圣誕節(jié),應(yīng)說(shuō)at Christmas?而不說(shuō)on Christmas?

      2)在(剛……)的時(shí)候。

      On reaching the city he called up his parents.

      一到城里他就給父母打了一個(gè)電話。

      3.in

      1)表示"時(shí)段"、"時(shí)期",在多數(shù)情況下可以和during互換,前者強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)比,后者強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)。in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世紀(jì))

      動(dòng)詞:動(dòng)詞的四種時(shí)態(tài):

      (1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):

      一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成

      1. be動(dòng)詞:主語(yǔ)+be(am, is, are)+其它。如:I am a boy. 我是一個(gè)男孩。

      2. 行為動(dòng)詞:主語(yǔ)+行為動(dòng)詞(+其它)。如:We study English. 我們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。

      當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)(he, she, it)時(shí),要在動(dòng)詞后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語(yǔ)。

      動(dòng)詞+s的變化規(guī)則

      1.一般情況下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks

      2.以s. x. sh. ch. o結(jié)尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes

      3.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,變y為i, 再加-es,如:study-studies

      (2)一般過(guò)去時(shí):

      動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式詳解 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則有:

      A、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞

      ① 一般直接在動(dòng)詞的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited

     ?、?以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞直接加d:如 lived , danced , used

     ?、?以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞要改y為i再加ed(此類動(dòng)詞較少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是輔音字母加y,所以不屬于此類)

     ?、?雙寫最后一個(gè)字母(此類動(dòng)詞較少)如 stopped

      B、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞(此類詞并無(wú)規(guī)則,須熟記)小學(xué)階段要記住以下動(dòng)詞的原形和過(guò)去式:sing – sang , eat – ate ,

      see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,

      are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt

      (3)一般將來(lái)時(shí):

      基本結(jié)構(gòu):

      ①be going to + do;

     ?、趙ill+ do. be going to = will

      I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.

      (4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí): am,is,are+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞

      動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞詳解 動(dòng)詞的ing形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則:

     ?、?一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating

     ?、?以e 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing

      ③ 雙寫最后一個(gè)字母的(此類動(dòng)詞極少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting